Foundations of mathematics

A foundation of mathematics is a term sometimes used for assured fields of mathematics, like mathematical logic, axiomatic set theory, proof theory, model theory, and recursion theory. The look for foundations of mathematics is as well a central question of the philosophy of mathematics: On what last basis can mathematical statements be called true?
This volume currents research results ranging from those in pure mathematical theory (semigroup theory, graph theory, etc.) to those in theoretical and applied computer science, e.g. proper languages, automata, codes, parallel and distributed computing, official systems, knowledge systems and the database theory.

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Information Technology

Information technology (IT) is the study, design, development, implementation, support or administration of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware. In short, IT deals with the use of electronic computers and computer software to transfer, store, protect, process, transmit and get back information, securely.

In this definition, the term "information" can frequently be replaced by "data" without loss of meaning. Recently it has become popular to widen the term to explicitly consist of the field of electronic communication so that people tend to use the abbreviation ICT (Information and Communication Technology). Strictly speaking, this name contains some redundancy.

Today, the term Information Technology has distended to encompass many aspects of computing and technology, and the term is more identifiable than ever before. The Information Technology umbrella can be quite large, covering many fields. IT professionals achieve a variety of duties that range from installing applications to designing complex computer networks and information databases.

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Submarine volcanoes

Submarine volcanoes are general features on the ocean floor. Some are energetic and, in shallow water, disclose their presence by blasting steam and rocky fragments high above the surface of the sea. Many others lie at such great rock bottom that the tremendous weight of the water above them prevents the explosive discharge of steam and gases, although they can be detected
by hydrophones and staining of water because of volcanic gases. Even large submarine eruptions may not disturb the ocean surface. Because of the rapid cooling effect of water as compared to air, and increased buoyancy, submarine volcanoes often form rather sharp pillars over their volcanic vents as compared to above-surface volcanos. In due time, they may break the ocean
surface as new islands. Pillow lava is a common eruptive product of submarine volcanoes.

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Patients

A patient is any one who receives medical attention, concern, or treatment. The person is most frequently ill and in require of treatment by a physician or medical specialized. Health care customer or clients are other names for patient, generally used by governmental agency, insurance companies or patient groups.

The word patient is resulting from the Latin word patients, the current participle of the deponent verb pati, sense one who suffers.

The active patient is a challenge in terms, and it is the statement underlying the passivity that is the most risky. Unfortunately not any of the different terms seem to offer a better definition.

In itself the definition of patient doesn't involve suffering but the function it describes is often connected with the definitions of the adjective form: enduring trying situation with even temper. Some have argued recently that the expression should be dropped, because it underlines the substandard status of recipients of health care.

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Weather

Weather most frequently results from temperature differences from one planet to another. On large scales, temperatures differences arise mainly as areas closer to Earth's equator get more energy per unit area from the Sun than do regions nearer to Earth's poles. On local scales, temperature differences can arise because different surfaces have opposed physical characteristics such as reflectivity, roughness, or moisture content.

Surface temperature differences in roll cause pressure differences. A hot surface heats the air over it and the air expands, lowering the air pressure. The resulting parallel pressure rise accelerates the air from high to low pressure, creating wind, and Earth's rotation then causes curvature of the pour via the Coriolis Effect. The strong temperature contrast among polar and tropical air gives rise to the jet flow. Most weather systems in the mid-latitudes are caused by instabilities of the jet stream flow. Weather systems in the tropics are caused by different processes, such as monsoons shower systems.

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Ghost

A ghost tour is an motion themed around the telepathic providing an entertaining and often educational way to present history. Tours are repeatedly lead on foot around sites with a reputation for abnormal occurrences. They are typically conducted at night and will unite a mix of factual history, folklore and stories.Tours themes around the paranormal can introduce historic, social and scientific topics to a wider audience than might not otherwise be addressed. Stories centered on ghosts and mysteries are for more eye-catching to many people to whom leisure time is valuable, than purely academic pursuits. A well obtainable thematic tour should create the interest for further examination into the stories behind the topics.Presentations use drama, humor and analogies to weave stories in an interesting way. Tours may be conducted on foot, vehicle or even a self led tour finding clues along a pre-determined route.

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Yoga

Yoga is one of the six schools of Hindu philosophy, focusing on meditation as a trail to self-knowledge and freedom. Yoga is seen as a means to mutually physiological and spiritual mastery. Outside India, Yoga has become mainly related with the practice of asanas of Hatha Yoga, although it has influenced the whole dharmic religions family and other spiritual practices throughout the world

5,000 year old carvings from the Indus Valley Civilization represent a figure that archaeologists think represents a yogi sitting in meditation posture. The sitting in a conventional cross-legged yoga pose with its hands resting on its knees. The explorer of the seal, archaeologist Sir John Marshall, named the figure Shiva Pashupati.

A seal from the Indus Valley Civilization, The first known written reference to yoga is in the Rig Veda, likely by the western scholars to be at least 3,500 years old. The Upanishads, Bhagavad-Gita, and the Yoga Sutras of Patanjali also converse the concepts and teachings of yoga.

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Business

In economic business is the social science of managing people to systematize and maintain collective productivity toward accomplishing particular imaginative and productive goals, usually to make profit.The etymology of "business" refers to the state of being busy, in the circumstance of the individual as well as the community or society. In other words, to be busy is to be doing commercially viable and profitable work.

The term "business" has at least three usages, depending on the scope — the general usage (above), the particular usage to refer to a particular company or corporation, and the comprehensive usage to refer to a particular market sector, such as "the record business," "the computer business," or "the business community" -- the community of suppliers of goods and services.

The singular "business" can be a legally-recognized entity within an economically free society, wherein individuals systematize based on expertise and skill bring about social and technological expansion.

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Aquarium

The aquarium has a long history and maintaining an aquarium has become immensely popular worldwide. Aquaria can come in a variety of materials, shapes, and sizes. They are classically constructed of glass or high-strength plastic. Cuboid aquaria are also known as fish tanks or simply tanks, while bowl-shaped aquaria are also known as fish bowls. Size can range from a small glass bowl to enormous public aquaria. A number of apparatus are used to maintain appropriate water quality and uniqueness suitable for the aquarium's residents. There are many types of aquaria, classified by the organisms maintained or the type of surroundings that is mimicked.

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Health

Health is the intensity of functional and metabolic effectiveness of an organism at both the cellular and macro social level. In the medical field, health is generally defined as an organism's aptitude to efficiently respond to challenges and effectively restore and maintain a "state of balance," known as homeostasis.

A rising measure of the health of populations is height, which is powerfully regulated by nutrition and health care, among other set of living and quality of life matters. The lessons of human growth, its regulators and its implications are known as auxology.

Wellness is a word sometimes used to describe the psychological position of being healthy, but is most frequently used in the field of alternative medicine to describe one's state of being.

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Cooking

Cooking is the act of preparing food for eating. The term cooking encompasses all methods of food preparation with non-heated methods. It encompasses a huge range of methods, tools and combinations of ingredients to change the taste or digestibility of food. It is the method of select, measuring and combining of ingredients in an planned procedure in an try to get the desired result. Factors affecting the finishing outcome include the inconsistency of ingredients, ambient conditions, tools, and the skill of the person doing the actual cooking.

The variety of cooking universal is a reflection of the many nutritional, aesthetic, agricultural, cultural and religious considerations that crash upon it.

Cooking frequently requires applying heat to a food, which regularly, though not always, chemically transforms it, thus varying its flavor, texture, appearance, and nutritional properties. There is archaeological proof of roasted foodstuffs, both animal and vegetable, in human campsites dating from the initial known use of fire, some 800,000 years ago.

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Electrostatic induction theory

Another theory is that opposite charges are driven apart by the above mechanism and power is stored in the electric field between them. Cloud electrification appears to necessitate strong updrafts which hold water droplets upward, supercooling them to -10 to -20 C. These have a collision with ice crystals to form a soft ice-water mixture called graupel. The collisions result in a slight positive charge being transferred to ice crystals, and a slight negative charge to the graupel. Updrafts drive lighter ice crystals upwards, causing the cloud top to accumulate increasing positive charge. The heavier negatively charged graupel falls towards the middle and lower portions of the cloud, building up an increasing negative charge. Charge separation and accumulation continue until the electrical potential becomes sufficient to initiate lightning discharges, which occurs when the gathering of positive and negative charges forms a adequately strong electric field.

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Astrology

Astrology is a set of systems, traditions, and idea in which knowledge of the relative positions of celestial bodies and correlated details is held to be useful in understanding, interpreting, and organizing information regarding personality, human relationships, and further terrestrial matters. A practitioner of astrology is called an astrologer. In history, the term mathematic was used to signify a person capable in astrology, astronomy, and mathematics.

Even though the two fields allocate a familiar origin, modern astronomy is totally different from astrology. Astronomy is the scientific study of astronomical matter and phenomena, while astrology is anxious with the attempt to correlate these phenomena with worldly affairs. Astrology is variously careful by its proponents to be a symbolic language, a form of art or science. The scientific community normally considers astrology to be a pseudoscience as astrologers have abortive empirical tests in prohibited studies. Despite the need of scientific evidence, trust in astrology is widespread.

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Planet

A planet, is a extraterrestrial body orbiting a star or stellar remnant that is massive adequate to be rounded by its own gravity, not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion in its core, and has cleared its neighbouring region of planetesimals

After stars and stellar remnants, planets are a few of the most massive objects known to man. They play an important part in the structure of planetary systems, and are also considered, along with large moons, the most feasible environment for life. Thus planetary science is crucial not only to comprehend the structure of the universe, but also to better understand the development of life, and to aid the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. Additionally, the planets visible from Earth have played a vital role in the shaping of human culture, religion and philosophy in abundant civilisations. Even today, many people continue to believe true the movement of the planets affects their lives, all though such a causation is discarded by the scientific community.

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White tea


Young leaves (new growth buds) that have undergone no oxidation; the buds may be protected from sunlight to avoid formation of chlorophyll. White tea is produced in lesser quantities than most other styles, and can be correspondingly more expensive than tea from the same plant processed by other methods. It is less well known in countries outside of China, though this is altering with increased western interest in natural or finest teas.

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Vitamins

Vitamins are nutrients required in minute amounts for essential metabolic reactions in the body.The term vitamin does not consist of other essential nutrients such as dietary minerals, essential fatty acids, or essential amino acids, nor does it include the large number of other nutrients that promote health but that are not essential for life.Vitamins are bio-molecules that act both as catalysts and substrates in chemical reactions. When acting as a catalyst, vitamins are bound to enzymes and are called cofactors. Vitamins also act as coenzymes to hold chemical groups between enzymes. Folic acid, for example, carries various forms of carbon groups–methyl, formyl or methylene in the cell.Vitamins have been created as commodity chemicals and prepared widely available as inexpensive pills for several decades allowing supplementation of the dietary intake.

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Bucees

Bucees is the excellent supermarket shop available to the people of America and Texas. Bucees is a place which offers full time shopping at one store itself. All commodities are sold at bucees and we offer our services at more than one store. Bucees employees work hard and make sure that the customer receives the needed shopping from the store they need.

Bucees supplies gasoline and diesel to the customer with formulated additives with highest quality. Bucees shopping are available at different places of America to facilitate the customer to come up with the commodity needed. We make sure that we work hard to satisfy your requirements.

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Krill fishery

Krill fishery is the gainful fishery of krill, small shrimp-like marine animals that live in the oceans world-wide. Estimates for how much krill there is differ wildly, depending on the methodology used. They range from 125–725 million tones of biomass internationally. The total global harvest of krill from all fisheries amounts to 150 – 200,000 tones annually, mainly Antarctic krill (Euphausia superb) and North Pacific krill (E. Pacifica).

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Traffic psychology

Traffic psychology is a youthful expanding field in psychology. Whereas traffic psychology is mostly related to "the study of the behaviour of road users and the psychological processes underlying that behaviour" (Rothengatter, 1997, 223) as well as to the relation between behaviour and accidents, transportation psychology, sometimes referred to as mobility psychology, has its focus on mobility issues, individual and social factors in the movement of people and goods, and travel demand management (TDM).There is no single theoretical framework in traffic psychology, but a lot of specific models explaining, e.g., perceptual, attentional, cognitive, social, motivational and emotional determinants of mobility and traffic behaviour. One of the most important behavioural models divides the various tasks involved in traffic participation into three hierarchical levels, i.e. the strategic, the tactical and the operational level.

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Vegetables

Vegetable is a culinary term which usually refers to an edible part of a plant. The definition is traditional rather than scientific and is somewhat capricious and subjective. All parts of herbaceous plants eaten as food by humans, entire or in part, are normally considered vegetables. Mushrooms, though belonging to the biological realm fungi, are also commonly considered vegetables. In general, vegetables are thought of as being savory, and not sweet, even though there are many exceptions. Nuts, grains, herbs, spices and culinary fruits (see below) are usually not considered vegetables.

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Web Proxy

Web proxy

Proxies that hub on WWW traffic are called web proxies. Many web proxies try to block offensive web content. Other web proxies reformat web pages for an exact purpose or audience (e.g., cell phones and PDAs or persons with disabilities). Network operators can also set up proxies to intercept computer viruses and other hostile content served from remote web pages.

Many organizations — including schools, corporations, and countries — use proxy servers to implement acceptable network use policies or to provide security, anti-malware and/or caching services. A traditional web proxy is not translucent to the client application, which must be configured to use the proxy (manually or with a configuration script). In some cases, where substitute means of connection to the Internet are available ,the user may be able to avoid policy control by simply resetting the client configuration and bypassing the proxy. Furthermore administration of browser configuration can be a load for network administrators.

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Pollarding

Pollarding is a woodland management method of hopeful lateral branches by cutting off a tree stem or minor branches two metres or so above ground level. The tree is given a year to regrow, after the first cutting, but once begun, pollarding requires annual maintenance by pruning. This will ultimately result in somewhat expanded (or swollen) nodes topping the tree trunk with multiple new side and top shoots growing from it.

A tree that has been pollarded is known as a pollard.A tree which has not been pollarded is called a maiden or maiden tree; which also refers to the fact that pollarding is usually first undertaken when the tree is quite young. Pollarding older trees typically result in the death of the tree. Pollarding is sometimes abused in attempts to curb the growth of older or taller trees. However, when performed properly it is useful in the practice of arboriculture for tree management.

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Batteries

Electronic watches require electricity as a power source. Some mechanical movements and hybrid electronic-mechanical actions also require electricity. Usually the electricity is provided by a replaceable battery.

The first use of electrical power in watches was as replacement for the mainspring, in order to remove the need for winding. The first electrically-powered watch, the Hamilton Electric 500, was released in 1957 by the Hamilton Watch Company of Lancaster, Pennsylvania. Batteries for watches are specially designed for their purpose. They are very small and provide tiny amounts of power incessantly for very long periods. In most cases, replacing the battery requires a trip to a watch-repair shop or watch dealer; this is especially true for watches that are designed to be water-resistant, as special tools and procedures are required to ensure that the watch remains water-resistant after battery replacement. Silver-oxide and lithium batteries are popular today; mercury batteries, formerly quite common, are no longer used, for ecological reasons. Cheap batteries may be alkaline, of the same size as silver-oxide but providing shorter life.

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Information Technology

Information technology (IT), is the study, design, development, implementation, support or administration of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware.In short, IT deals with the use of electronic computers and computer software to transfer, store, protect, process, transmit and get back information, securely.

In this definition, the term "information" can frequently be replaced by "data" without loss of meaning. Recently it has become popular to widen the term to explicitly consist of the field of electronic communication so that people tend to use the abbreviation ICT (Information and Communication Technology). Strictly speaking, this name contains some redundancy.

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RISC(Reduced Instruction Set Computer)

In the mid-1980s to early-1990s, a crop of new high-performance RISC microprocessors appeared, which were initially used in special purpose machines and UNIX workstations, but have since become almost universal in all roles except the Intel-standard desktop.The first commercial design was released by MIPS Technologies, the 32-bit R2000. The R3000 made the design truly practical, and the R4000 introduced the world's first 64-bit design. Opposing projects would result in the IBM POWER and Sun SPARC systems, respectively. Soon every major vendor was releasing a RISC design, including the AT&T CRISP, AMD 29000, Intel i860 and Intel i960, Motorola 88000, DEC Alpha and the HP-PA

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Super Scalar

A superscalar CPU architecture implements a form of parallelism called Instruction-level parallelism within a solitary processor. It thereby allows faster CPU throughput than would otherwise be possible at the same clock rate. A superscalar architecture executes more than one instruction during a single pipeline stage by pre-fetching several instructions and at the same time dispatching them to redundant functional units on the processor.

History

Seymour Cray's CDC 6600 from 1965 is often mentioned as the first superscalar plan. The Intel i960CA and the AMD 29000-series 29050 microprocessors were the first commercial single-chip superscalar microprocessors. RISC CPUs like these brought the superscalar idea to micro computers because the RISC design results in a simple core, allowing straightforward instruction send off and the inclusion of multiple functional units on a single CPU in the inhibited design rules of the time. This was the reason that RISC designs were faster than CISC designs through the 1980s and into the 1990s.

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Solar System

Solar System consists of the Sun and the other space objects gravitationally bound to it: the eight planets, their 162 known moonsthree currently recognized dwarf planets (including Pluto) and their four known moons, and billions of small bodies. This last group includes asteroids, Kuiper belt objects, comets, meteoroids and interplanetary dust.

In wide terms, the charted regions of the Solar System consist of the Sun, four terrestrial inner planets, an asteroid belt composed of small rocky bodies, four gas giant outer planets, and a second belt, called the Kuiper belt, collected of icy objects. Beyond the Kuiper belt lies the scattered disc, the heliopause, and eventually the hypothetical Oort cloud.

In sort of their distances from the Sun, the planets are Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Six of the eight planets are in turn orbited by natural satellites, usually termed "moons" after Earth's Moon, and each of the outer planets is encircled by planetary rings of dust and other particles. All the planets apart from Earth are named after gods and goddesses from Greco-Roman mythology. The three dwarf planets are Pluto, the largest known Kuiper belt object; Ceres, the largest object in the asteroid belt; and Eris, which lies in the scattered disc.

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Water pollution


Water pollution is a large set of unfavorable belongings upon water bodies such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and groundwater caused by human activities. Although natural phenomena such as volcanoes, algae blooms, storms, and earthquakes also cause main changes in water quality and the environmental status of water, these are not deemed to be pollution. Water pollution has many causes and characteristics. Increases in nutrient loading may lead to eutrophication. Organic wastes such as sewage inflict high oxygen demands on the getting water leading to oxygen depletion with potentially severe impacts on the whole eco-system. Industries discharge a variety of pollutants in their wastewater including grave metals, organic toxins, oils, nutrients, and solids. Discharges can also have thermal effects, especially those from power stations, and these too reduce the available oxygen. Silt-bearing runoff from many activities together with construction sites, deforestation and agriculture can reduce the penetration of sunlight through the water column, restricting photosynthesis and causing blanketing of the lake or river bed, in turn damaging ecological systems.

Pollutants in water consist of a wide spectrum of chemicals, pathogens, and physical chemistry or sensory changes.A lot of the chemical substances are toxic. Pathogens can apparently produce waterborne diseases in either human or animal hosts. Alteration of water's physical chemistry include acidity, conductivity, temperature, and eutrophication. Eutrophication is the fertilisation of surface water by nutrients that were previously scarce. Even many of the municipal water supplies in developed countries can present health risks.

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Nano Technology


Nanotechnology is a pasture of applied science and technology covering a wide range of topics. The main unifying premise is the control of matter on a scale smaller than 1 micrometer, normally between 1-100 nanometers, as well as the manufacture of devices on this same length scale. It is a highly multidisciplinary field, drawing from fields such as colloidal science, device physics, and supramolecular chemistry. Much hypothesis exists as to what new science and technology might result from these lines of research. Some view nanotechnology as a marketing term that describes pre-existing lines of research applied to the sub-micron size scale.

In spite of the apparent ease of this definition, nanotechnology actually encompasses diverse lines of inquiry. Nanotechnology cuts across many disciplines, together with colloidal science, chemistry, applied physics, materials science, and even mechanical and electrical engineering. It could variously be seen as an extension of existing sciences into the nanoscale, or as a recasting of existing sciences using a newer, more recent term. Two major approaches are used in nanotechnology: one is a "bottom-up" approach where materials and devices are built from molecular components which gather themselves chemically using principles of molecular gratitude; the other being a "top-down" approach where nano-objects are constructed from larger entities without atomic-level control.

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Transportation

Transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. The term is derived from the portare ("to carry") and Latin trans ("across") . Industries which have the business of providing equipment, actual transport, transport of people or goods and services used in transport of goods or people make up a huge broad and important segment of most national economies, and are collectively referred to as transport industries.
The field of transport has several aspects: loosely they can be divided into a triad of infrastructure, vehicles, and operations. Infrastructure includes the transport networks (roads, railways, airways, waterways, canals, pipelines, etc.) that are used, as well as the nodes or terminals (such as airports, railway stations, bus stations and seaports). The vehicles generally traverse on the networks, such as automobiles, bicycles, buses, trains, aircrafts

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Audio MIDI Interfaces

The Musical Instrument Digital Interface consents music to be recorded or produced by utilizing a data file containing multiple serially listed program status messages and matching note on and note off messages. In contrast, digital audio is usually compressed merely, exploiting a suitable data compression technique, and recorded. The audio content of such a digital recording may then be restored by decompressing the recorded data and converting that data by a digital-to-analog converter. The method and apparatus of the present invention selectively and alternatively couples portions of a compressed digital audio file and a MIDI file to a single digital signal processor which alternately decompresses the digital audio file and implements a MIDI synthesizer. Decompressed audio and MIDI synthesized music are then alternately attached to two separate buffers. The stuffing of these buffers are then additively mixed and coupled through a digital-to-analog converter to an audio output device to create an output having concurrent digital audio and MIDI synthesized music. A technique and equipment are unveiled for concurrently outputting digital audio and MIDI synthesized music utilizing a single digital signal processor.

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E-mail
The concept of sending electronic text messages between parties in a way analogous to mailing letters or memos predates the formation of the Internet. Today it is an important one to differentiate between Internet and internal e-mail systems. Internet e-mail may travel and even be stored unencrypted on many other machines and networks out of both the sender's and the recipient's control. It is also quite possible for the content to be read and even tampered with by third parties, if anyone considers it important enough during this period.

Purely internal or intranet mail systems, where the information never leaves the corporate or organization's network and servers, is much more protected, although in any organization there will be IT and other personnel whose job may involve monitoring, or at least occasionally accessing, the email of other employees are not been addressed to them. E-mail attachments have increased the usefulness of e-mail in a wide manner. When a file is attached to an email, a text representation of the attached data is actually appended to the e-mail text, later to be reconstituted into a 'file' on the recipient's machine for their use.

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Solar System

The Solar System, is the stellar system comprising the Sun and the retinue of celestial objects gravitationally bound to it: the eight planets, their 162 known moons, three currently identified dwarf planets and their four known moons, and thousands of small bodies. This last category includes asteroids, meteoroids, comets, and interplanetary dust.

The principal component of the Solar System is the Sun ; a main sequence G2 star that contains 99.86% of the system's known mass and dominates it gravitationally. Because of its large mass, the Sun has an interior density high enough to sustain nuclear fusion, releasing enormous amounts of energy, most of which is radiated into space in the form of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light. The Sun's two largest orbiting bodies, Jupiter and Saturn, account for more than 90% of the system's remaining mass.

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3D computer graphics

With the birth of workstation computers came 3D computer graphics, based on vector graphics. Instead of the computer storing information about points, lines, and curves on a 2-dimensional plane, the computer stores the location of points, lines, and, typically, faces in 3-dimensional space.

3-dimensional polygons are the lifeblood of virtually all 3D computer graphics. As a result, most 3D graphics engines are based around storing points, lines that connect those points together, faces defined by the lines, and then a sequence of faces to create 3D polygons.Modern-day computer graphics software goes far beyond just the simple storage of polygons in computer memory. Today's graphics are not only the product of massive collections of polygons into identifiable shapes, but they also result from techniques in shading, texturing, and rasterization.

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Biodiversity

Biodiversity or biological diversity is the diversity of life. There are a number of definitions and a measure of biodiversity.Biodiversity has no single standard definition. The most basic definition is "variation of life at all level of biological organization". Another definition holds that biodiversity is a measure of the relative diversity among organisms present in diverse ecosystems. "Diversity" in this definition includes diversity within a species and among species, and comparative diversity among ecosystems.

A third definition that is often used by ecologists is the "totality of genes, species, and ecosystems of a region". An advantage of this description is that it seems to describe most circumstances and present a unified view of the traditional three levels at which biodiversity has been identified:The 1992 United Nations Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro defined "biodiversity" as "the changeability among living organisms from all sources, including, 'inter alia', terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part: this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems".

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Perception of sound

Sound is perceived through the sense of hearing. Humans and many animals use their ears to hear sound, but loud sounds and low frequency sounds can be supposed by other parts of the body through the sense of touch. Sounds are used in several ways, most notably for announcement through speech or, for example, music. Sound can also be used to acquire information about properties of the neighboring environment such as spatial characteristics and presence of other animals or objects. For example, bats use echolocation, ships and submarines use sonar, and humans can determine spatial information by the way in which they perceive sounds.

The range of frequencies that humans can hear well is between about 20 Hz and 16,000 Hz. This is by description the hearing range, but most people can hear above 16,000 Hz provided the sound pressure level is above the hearing threshold level. At 40,000 Hz and higher frequencies, for instance, this level is about 140 dB. The audible range varies by individual and, mostly in the upper part of the range, hearing damage accumulates with age. The ear is most sensitive to frequencies around 3,500 Hz. Sound above the hearing range is known as ultrasound and that below the hearing range as infrasound.

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Humour

Humour also spelled humor is the capability or quality of people, objects, or situation to evoke feelings of amusement in other people. The terms encompass a form of entertainment or human communication which evokes such feelings, or which makes people laugh or feel happy. The origin of the term derives from the humoural medicine of the ancient Greeks, which stated that a mix of fluids known as humours prohibited human health and emotion.

A sense of humour is the ability to knowledge humour, a quality which all people share, although the extent to which an individual will personally find impressive humorous depends on a host of absolute and relative variables, including, but not limited to geographical location, culture, maturity, level of education and context. For example, young children of any background particularly favour slapstick, while satire tends to appeal to more mature audiences.

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Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Vallabhbhai Patel was a political and social leader of India who played a major role in the country's struggle for independence and guided its integration into a united, independent nation. In India and across the world, he is often addressed as Sardar, which stands for Chief in many languages of India.

Raised in the countryside of Gujarat, Vallabhbhai Patel was a self-educated and successful Gujarati lawyer, when he was inspired by the work and philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi. Patel organised the peasants of Kheda, Borsad, and Bardoli in Gujarat in non-violent civil disobedience against oppressive policies imposed by the British Raj; in this role, he became one of the most influential leaders in Gujarat. He rose to the leadership of the Indian National Congress and was at the forefront of rebellions and political events, organising the party for elections in 1934 and 1937, and promoting the Quit India movement.

As the first Home Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of India, Patel organised relief for refugees in Punjab and Delhi, and led efforts to restore peace across the nation. Patel took charge of the task to forge a united India from the 565 semi-autonomous princely states and British-era colonial provinces.

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Mercury

Mercury is the nearest planet to the sun, orbiting at an average distance of about 58 million kilometers. Because Mercury is the closest planet to the sun, it moves the faster than any other planet in our solar system travelling at an average speed of nearly 48kms. per second and completing an orbit in just under 88 days. Mercury is very small and rocky. Most of the surface has been heavily cratered by the impact of meteorites, although there are also smooth, sparsely cratered plains.

The Caloris Basin is the largest crater, measuring about 1300kms. across. It is thought to have been formed when an asteroid sized rock hit the planet, and is surrounded by concentric rings of mountains thrown up by the impact. The surface also has many ridges that are thought to have been formed when the hot core of the young planet cooled and shrank about four billion years ago, buckling the planet's surface in the process. The planet rotates about its axis very slowly, taking nearly 59 Earth days to complete one rotation. As a result, a solar day on mercury is about 176 Earth days- twice as long as the 88- day Mercurian year.

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Sports competition

While some sports, such as fishing, have been viewed as primarily recreational, most sports are considered competitive. The greater part involve competition between two or more persons. For example, in a game of basketball, two teams compete against one another to determine who can score the most points. While there is no set reward for the winning team, many players gain an inner sense of pride. In addition, extrinsic rewards may also be given. Athletes, besides competing against other humans, also compete against nature in sports such as whitewater kayaking or mountain hiking, where the goal is to reach a destination, with only natural barriers impeding the process.

While professional sports have been usually viewed as intense and extremely competitive, recreational sports, which are often less intense, are considered a healthy option for the competitive urges in humans. Sport provides a relatively safe venue for converting unbridled competition into safe competition, because sports competition is restrained. Competitive sports are governed by codified rules agreed upon by the participants. Violating these rules is considered to be unfair competition.

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