Audio MIDI Interfaces

The Musical Instrument Digital Interface consents music to be recorded or produced by utilizing a data file containing multiple serially listed program status messages and matching note on and note off messages. In contrast, digital audio is usually compressed merely, exploiting a suitable data compression technique, and recorded. The audio content of such a digital recording may then be restored by decompressing the recorded data and converting that data by a digital-to-analog converter. The method and apparatus of the present invention selectively and alternatively couples portions of a compressed digital audio file and a MIDI file to a single digital signal processor which alternately decompresses the digital audio file and implements a MIDI synthesizer. Decompressed audio and MIDI synthesized music are then alternately attached to two separate buffers. The stuffing of these buffers are then additively mixed and coupled through a digital-to-analog converter to an audio output device to create an output having concurrent digital audio and MIDI synthesized music. A technique and equipment are unveiled for concurrently outputting digital audio and MIDI synthesized music utilizing a single digital signal processor.

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E-mail
The concept of sending electronic text messages between parties in a way analogous to mailing letters or memos predates the formation of the Internet. Today it is an important one to differentiate between Internet and internal e-mail systems. Internet e-mail may travel and even be stored unencrypted on many other machines and networks out of both the sender's and the recipient's control. It is also quite possible for the content to be read and even tampered with by third parties, if anyone considers it important enough during this period.

Purely internal or intranet mail systems, where the information never leaves the corporate or organization's network and servers, is much more protected, although in any organization there will be IT and other personnel whose job may involve monitoring, or at least occasionally accessing, the email of other employees are not been addressed to them. E-mail attachments have increased the usefulness of e-mail in a wide manner. When a file is attached to an email, a text representation of the attached data is actually appended to the e-mail text, later to be reconstituted into a 'file' on the recipient's machine for their use.

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Solar System

The Solar System, is the stellar system comprising the Sun and the retinue of celestial objects gravitationally bound to it: the eight planets, their 162 known moons, three currently identified dwarf planets and their four known moons, and thousands of small bodies. This last category includes asteroids, meteoroids, comets, and interplanetary dust.

The principal component of the Solar System is the Sun ; a main sequence G2 star that contains 99.86% of the system's known mass and dominates it gravitationally. Because of its large mass, the Sun has an interior density high enough to sustain nuclear fusion, releasing enormous amounts of energy, most of which is radiated into space in the form of electromagnetic radiation, including visible light. The Sun's two largest orbiting bodies, Jupiter and Saturn, account for more than 90% of the system's remaining mass.

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3D computer graphics

With the birth of workstation computers came 3D computer graphics, based on vector graphics. Instead of the computer storing information about points, lines, and curves on a 2-dimensional plane, the computer stores the location of points, lines, and, typically, faces in 3-dimensional space.

3-dimensional polygons are the lifeblood of virtually all 3D computer graphics. As a result, most 3D graphics engines are based around storing points, lines that connect those points together, faces defined by the lines, and then a sequence of faces to create 3D polygons.Modern-day computer graphics software goes far beyond just the simple storage of polygons in computer memory. Today's graphics are not only the product of massive collections of polygons into identifiable shapes, but they also result from techniques in shading, texturing, and rasterization.

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Biodiversity

Biodiversity or biological diversity is the diversity of life. There are a number of definitions and a measure of biodiversity.Biodiversity has no single standard definition. The most basic definition is "variation of life at all level of biological organization". Another definition holds that biodiversity is a measure of the relative diversity among organisms present in diverse ecosystems. "Diversity" in this definition includes diversity within a species and among species, and comparative diversity among ecosystems.

A third definition that is often used by ecologists is the "totality of genes, species, and ecosystems of a region". An advantage of this description is that it seems to describe most circumstances and present a unified view of the traditional three levels at which biodiversity has been identified:The 1992 United Nations Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro defined "biodiversity" as "the changeability among living organisms from all sources, including, 'inter alia', terrestrial, marine, and other aquatic ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are part: this includes diversity within species, between species and of ecosystems".

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Perception of sound

Sound is perceived through the sense of hearing. Humans and many animals use their ears to hear sound, but loud sounds and low frequency sounds can be supposed by other parts of the body through the sense of touch. Sounds are used in several ways, most notably for announcement through speech or, for example, music. Sound can also be used to acquire information about properties of the neighboring environment such as spatial characteristics and presence of other animals or objects. For example, bats use echolocation, ships and submarines use sonar, and humans can determine spatial information by the way in which they perceive sounds.

The range of frequencies that humans can hear well is between about 20 Hz and 16,000 Hz. This is by description the hearing range, but most people can hear above 16,000 Hz provided the sound pressure level is above the hearing threshold level. At 40,000 Hz and higher frequencies, for instance, this level is about 140 dB. The audible range varies by individual and, mostly in the upper part of the range, hearing damage accumulates with age. The ear is most sensitive to frequencies around 3,500 Hz. Sound above the hearing range is known as ultrasound and that below the hearing range as infrasound.

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Humour

Humour also spelled humor is the capability or quality of people, objects, or situation to evoke feelings of amusement in other people. The terms encompass a form of entertainment or human communication which evokes such feelings, or which makes people laugh or feel happy. The origin of the term derives from the humoural medicine of the ancient Greeks, which stated that a mix of fluids known as humours prohibited human health and emotion.

A sense of humour is the ability to knowledge humour, a quality which all people share, although the extent to which an individual will personally find impressive humorous depends on a host of absolute and relative variables, including, but not limited to geographical location, culture, maturity, level of education and context. For example, young children of any background particularly favour slapstick, while satire tends to appeal to more mature audiences.

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Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel

Vallabhbhai Patel was a political and social leader of India who played a major role in the country's struggle for independence and guided its integration into a united, independent nation. In India and across the world, he is often addressed as Sardar, which stands for Chief in many languages of India.

Raised in the countryside of Gujarat, Vallabhbhai Patel was a self-educated and successful Gujarati lawyer, when he was inspired by the work and philosophy of Mahatma Gandhi. Patel organised the peasants of Kheda, Borsad, and Bardoli in Gujarat in non-violent civil disobedience against oppressive policies imposed by the British Raj; in this role, he became one of the most influential leaders in Gujarat. He rose to the leadership of the Indian National Congress and was at the forefront of rebellions and political events, organising the party for elections in 1934 and 1937, and promoting the Quit India movement.

As the first Home Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of India, Patel organised relief for refugees in Punjab and Delhi, and led efforts to restore peace across the nation. Patel took charge of the task to forge a united India from the 565 semi-autonomous princely states and British-era colonial provinces.

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Mercury

Mercury is the nearest planet to the sun, orbiting at an average distance of about 58 million kilometers. Because Mercury is the closest planet to the sun, it moves the faster than any other planet in our solar system travelling at an average speed of nearly 48kms. per second and completing an orbit in just under 88 days. Mercury is very small and rocky. Most of the surface has been heavily cratered by the impact of meteorites, although there are also smooth, sparsely cratered plains.

The Caloris Basin is the largest crater, measuring about 1300kms. across. It is thought to have been formed when an asteroid sized rock hit the planet, and is surrounded by concentric rings of mountains thrown up by the impact. The surface also has many ridges that are thought to have been formed when the hot core of the young planet cooled and shrank about four billion years ago, buckling the planet's surface in the process. The planet rotates about its axis very slowly, taking nearly 59 Earth days to complete one rotation. As a result, a solar day on mercury is about 176 Earth days- twice as long as the 88- day Mercurian year.

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Sports competition

While some sports, such as fishing, have been viewed as primarily recreational, most sports are considered competitive. The greater part involve competition between two or more persons. For example, in a game of basketball, two teams compete against one another to determine who can score the most points. While there is no set reward for the winning team, many players gain an inner sense of pride. In addition, extrinsic rewards may also be given. Athletes, besides competing against other humans, also compete against nature in sports such as whitewater kayaking or mountain hiking, where the goal is to reach a destination, with only natural barriers impeding the process.

While professional sports have been usually viewed as intense and extremely competitive, recreational sports, which are often less intense, are considered a healthy option for the competitive urges in humans. Sport provides a relatively safe venue for converting unbridled competition into safe competition, because sports competition is restrained. Competitive sports are governed by codified rules agreed upon by the participants. Violating these rules is considered to be unfair competition.

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